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APA In-text citation
APA Reference list

In general, most legal materials are cited in the same way as books and webpages. Your course may require different guidelines, please inform in advance which citation style should be applied. See also Chapter 11 "Legal References" of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.

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APA In-text citation
APA Reference list

Unrecorded classes, lectures, workshops, talks, presentations, etc. are not included in the reference list, as the reader cannot verify the information. An in-text citation refers to a class or lecture as personal communication with the lecturer's name and the date. Examples:During the lecture (A. Smith, personal communication, December 17, 2024), we were informed … Professor A. Smith (personal communication, December 17, 2024), informed us …

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APA In-text citation

The interviewees can be referred to as (part of) a group, for example: “the orientation interviews show that the employees support the proposal” or “of the 25 employees interviewed, 12 said they aspired to reach a managerial position”.As the interviewees are part of your own research, they are not referenced as personal communication.

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APA Own research

As the reader cannot consult the interview, the in-text citation refers to it only as personal communication. It is not compulsory to draw up a report and include it as an appendix, unless it has been indicated in advance that this is required. If an interview transcript is included as an appendix, 'personal communication' is replaced with a citation of the attachment, for example: (see Appendix A).

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APA Own research

Cite this as personal communication, separating various citations with semicolons: (A. Surname, personal communication, day month year; B. Surname, personal communication, day month year).Please note: if the interview is part of your own research (the interviewees are anonymised), there will be no reference, as your report already describes the research method.

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APA Images

If an image is used only as an illustration, please read the conditions for reuse beforehand.There is no in-text citation, place under the image (or on another page): Author, year (or n.d.). Copyright year, name copyright holder (or CC-license or 'In the public domain'). Also provide a reference entry for the webpage. See also the video APA Guidelines: Images, from 0:35. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CsYakRWCrXM

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APA Images

For images that you received from an internship or institution, no separate reference is included. It is of course permitted to thank the person or organization who gave you the image, for instance in the introduction. The logo of your university as well as the logo of your internship may also be reproduced without a reference.

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