List the editors of the issue and include a description after the issue title in square brackets, for example 'Special issue' or 'Supplement': Le-May Sheffield, S., Serbati, A., & Timmermans, J. (Eds.). (2022). Our academic development stories [Special issue]. International Journal for Academic Development, 27(4). Parenthetical citation: (Le-May Sheffield et al., 2022)Narrative citation: Le-May Sheffield et al. (2022)

In the reference list, the publication is included as an online source, as there may be a difference between the online and printed versions. Some databases, such as Nexis Uni, do not always mention page numbers.For accurate referencing, look for the appropriate category in one of the libguides on APA Style.

Online pdfs tend to be considered as informal publications, such reports and guides. See section ‘Textual works’ in one of the libguides on APA Style.If this is not the case, please refer to the guide to correctly reference the relevant source, for example as an online book or journal article.

A reference entry of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews does not include a volume, issue number or page numbers: Mistiaen, P., & Poot, E. (2006). Telephone follow-up, initiated by a hospital-based health professional, for postdischarge problems in patients discharged from hospital to home. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004510.pub3

If a document is available online but only accessible after logging in (e.g. intranet), the information is only available to a limited number of people. If so, refer to it as a personal communication. The protocol of my internship institution (ABC Foundation, personal communication, January 14, 2025) mentions …

Yes, list the full web address. In a reference list, you may convert long URLs into short links with an URL shortener.In the Netherlands, SURF's edu.nl is an easy and privacy-friendly way to shorten URLs. Always check if the URL refers to the correct web page.

A digital object identifier (DOI) is a code that ensures an online publication (mostly journal articles and ebooks) can always be found. If a DOI is present, always include it in the reference entry.A DOI is always provided as a user-friendly URL: https://doi.org/xxxxDo not include the retrieval date and do not add a full stop after the DOI. Swai, J. K., & Jane Moore, S. J. (2025). Beyond repellents: Spatial emanators for the control of malaria in Africa. The Lancet, 405(10473), 101-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02754-5

For articles published in an online news source, include the author(s), date, title in italics, name of the site, retrieval date and URL: Patel, A. (2024, November 27). Harry Potter first edition book sells for £36k. BBC News. Retrieved January 14, 2025, from https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx273wnvw9go Parenthetical citation: (Patel, 2024)Narrative citation: Patel (2024)